The Big Four And Others Of The Peace Conference

The Big Four: And Others of the Peace Conference, by Robert Lansing offers a firsthand perspective on what occurred during the Peace talks following the First World War. Robert Lansing primarily concentrates on the four biggest players during the Peace talks, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, and Vittorio E. Orlando. Lansing’s report of these four men compromised three fourths of the entire book, leaving the rest of the book to the representatives of other States, such as Eleftherios Venizelos, Emir Feisul, Louis Botha, and Ignace Jan Paderewski. One of the most significant features of this book is that it offers a different perspective of the Peace talks because it is a look at how people viewed these Statesmen and their actions at that time. Lansing’s goal was to â€Å"treat the subject impersonally and to avoid the petty influences which ought not to, but so often do, warp individual opinion and a just appraisement of public men.† In doing so Lansing would theoretically offer an impartial view of these characters. His arguments about each of the people represented in the book are all different and each of Lansing’s views has a distinct theme and purpose; with each person having recognizable strengths and personality traits that Lansing identifies. So a formal assessment of the book would require me to provide an assessment on each of the sections of the men represented in the book. The first section of the book discusses the characteristics andShow MoreRelatedThe End Of One War1453 Words   |  6 Pagesrose again, as a result of the fact that the United States and the Soviet Union were left as the two of the strongest nations. 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ItRead MoreCauses of World War I Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, there have been several conflicts that have disturbed the peace in various areas. One of these gruesome events happens to be World War I, which was evoked by many different causes. The most significant and immediate causes of this catastrophe was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. Numerous nations were involved in this war, and two examples of opposing forces are Germany and Russia. World War I was resolved to an extent with the Treaty of VersaillesRead MoreEssay The Legacy of the Great War by William R. Keylor944 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems in European civilization. The Paris Peace conference had a total of twenty-seven countries with their highest representatives and aides who devise a peace settlement. For two months they had redrawn the map of Europe with political and economical arrangements. It took another six months for the leaders who defeated the Central Powers to decide which rules that would govern the postwar order. The Central Power leaders are also known as the Big Four who was: President Woodrow Wilson of theRead MoreWoodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points on the Paris Peace Settlement931 Words   |  4 PagesWoodrow Wilson’s fourteen points on the Paris Peace Settlement and determine whether Wilson was successful in his goals. The Paris of Peace conference was held on January 1919 in Versailles just right outside of Paris. Paris of Peace conference was called to establish reasonable terms to make peace with the countries after World War I. In that conference there was almost thirty nations that were participates. 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It is currently made up of 193 Member States, which has been quadrupled since the start of the organization. These members meet up and work together to solve issues that may or already have erupt in their country as well as other countries. It has shown great success as of right now and has avoided another world war issueRead MoreTreaty of Versailles was the End of World War I1731 Words   |  7 PagesWar 1, all of the parties involved wanted to know what the terms of peace entailed for their country. To determine these details, the Paris Peace Conference, also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, was held in Versailles. The conference began in January 1919 and lasted until June 28 when the Treaty of Versailles was signed. Hundreds of allies and countries that fought in World War I were at the Paris Peace Conference to discuss the outcome of the war, although countries that were involved

The Gulf Cooperation Council Essay - 1709 Words

Athbi Al-Subaie Methodology Final INS 611 The Militarization of the Gulf Cooperation Council to Deter Threats How Fear Shapes the Future of the Region Introduction: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Peninsula Shield Force expresses the principle to protect against any political turmoil or security infringement in any GCC part state. The Peninsula Shield Force depends on the standard of group and coordinated security and barrier, with each GCC part state promising to ensure and protect the common security and interests of GCC part states, and their domain and jurisdiction. One of the principle targets behind the foundation of the GCC in 1981 was security from the danger postured by the Iran – Iraq War, and Iranian propelled Islamist activism. The GCC Peninsula Shield Force was made up of joint-military strengths from GCC part states. The GCC Peninsula Shield Force set up its home office in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in 1985. After the Second Gulf War in 1990-91, the GCC Peninsula Shield Force tried to improve its safeguard abilities, with GCC part states setting up bound together operational strategies, preparing, and military educational module. Notwithstanding this, the Peninsula Shield Force started to complete joint military activities and moves with all GCC state militaries. The Peninsula Shield Force today holds joint preparing practices at regular intervals with one of the Gulf s militaries. Another essential accomplishment was the determination takenShow MoreRelatedThe Gulf Cooperation Council2030 Words   |  8 PagesChallenges of the Complete Integration: The GCC Introduction The gulf cooperate council formation counts back in nineteen eighty-one (1981) when their office started to operate in Saudi Arabia. Its formation was to help the Arab country members to improve their economic standards and better the living standards of their citizens. 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Goffman Traits free essay sample

His books have shown that in spite of total institution, people tend to break through their own personalities and redefine their established roles in regulated societies (Handler, 2012, p. 179). Total institution can be dived into five different categories. The first type of institutions are for harmless and helpless people who are incapable of taking care of themselves, such as aged, poor or blind. The second category of institution is mental hospitals that take in people who are helpless and could be harmful to the society; people who seek for treatment. The third category is for people who pose Page | 3 danger and threat to the welfare of the communities and are put into institutions such as prisons and concentration camps. The forth type of institutions are established to create a working environment among the societies, such as military camps, boarding schools and work camps. The final type of institutions is for people who want to be isolated from the rest of the world, such as church and convents (Davies, 1989, p. 77- 82). 2. 2. Four common traits of total institution In 1961, Goffman (as cited in Schaefer, 2004, p. 82) has pointed out four common factors that a total institution posses. Firstly he believes, â€Å"all aspect of life are conducted in the same place and are under the control of a single authority†. This trait illustrates the common ground used and a certain dominance enforced on the participants. Secondly, â€Å"any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances†. Thirdly, â€Å"The authorities devise rules and schedule activities without consulting the participants†. Here we understand that the members are forced to conform to certain practices. Lastly, â€Å"all aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfil the purpose of the organization†. This explains how the members in the group ‘working’ towards one goal (Schaefer, 2004, p. 82). 2. 3. Degradation ceremony Degradation ceremony is considered to be under the scope of the sociology of moral resentment. A degradation ceremony is a rite of passage sometimes used to initiate people into total institutions such as mental hospitals, prisons, and military units as discussed earlier (Garfinkel, 2011b). Degradation ceremony often aims to transform an individual’s identity and dignity to a lower form therefore allowing them to be more acceptant to the external control such as authorities. During this process one loss his ascribed or achieved social status that he or she possess. Garfinkel (2011a, p. 420). Garfinkel (2011a, p. 420) mentions in his studies, an observer will be unable to find a degradation ceremony in societies that are demoralized, since only in total anomie are the conditions of degradation ceremonies lacking. Page | 4 2. 4. Resocialization Resocialization is the process when an individual’s former behaviour pattern or social role is altered or replaced. After which retraining the person psychologically to fit the standards and behavior of the common society. Resocialization is often carried through the degradation ceremony when a person is stripped from his status so be able to apprehend the new behaviour patterns and values (Scheff, 2007, p. 85). Most of the time the term ‘rehabilitation’ and ‘resocialization’ are misunderstood for the same significance. However these two are interpreted the same way. Rehabilitation is just a small part or process of resocialization (Weinstein, 1982, p. 269). Goffman’s mental institute hospital study is a good example to illustrate resocialization. The staffs usually try to instil in patients that they had done something wrong in the society. And if they wanted to free themselves from the hospital and get back to the society, they would have to change themselves (Weinstein, 1982, p. 272). . 3. Self- reflection My two-year experience in the Singapore Police Force (National Service) was interesting and far challenging. The first six months of the job was known as the ‘stay-in training’ or otherwise known as total institution from the sociological perspective. Our intake, which had approximately 130 cadets, were required to stay at a camp for 6 months situated at the outskirts where there were no other human dwelling. I remember the very first day when we entered, we were shouted at by the superiors for no reason and were told to strip naked to have our bodies checked for tattoos. The superiors projected their dominance through their tone of voice. The second day all the cadets were issued with uniforms and had to shave our heads bald. We were given a time table on what had to be done everyday from the time we woke up to the amount of water we drunk to the schedule time that we had our Page | 5 meals. We had no say and were just do as we were told. Failing to comply led to punishments. The main purpose of this institution was to instil discipline into each one of us as we were preparing to represent the country’s internal security. Therefore to successfully carry out the resocialization we were put through the degradation ceremony where we had to shave our head bald and given uniforms and forcefully told what to do. Here we are able to associate all four traits that were identified by Erving Goffman. 4. Four major theoretical perspectives The four different perspectives would help us understand total institution from a clearer view. The functionalist perspective has three different categories; manifest function, latent function and dysfunction (Henslin, 2011, p. 16). If we take military camp as an example, the manifest function would be to recruit people to protect the country to maintain peace and order. The latent function is a hidden function such as creating job opportunities and instilling values and discipline into the cadets. The dysfunction would be if the cadets were to use the tactics and teachings learned in the camp for a negative purpose while off their duty. Conflict perspective is a common issue faced when looked at the military. The cadets who flow into the camp on the first day come from a many different backgrounds. Conflicts could arise not only between the views of superior and the cadets but could arise among members itself when work in teams due to the different culture, values and beliefs. Feminist perspective involves the history which back dates to when female where to stay home to look after the family while men went out for war to protect their country mainly due to their physics. However the norm on this perspective is being abolished and we tend to find female soldiers and officers involved in the military. According to my self reflection interaction perspective can be classified has the verbal and non- verbal communication styles used by the superiors, such as the authoritative tone of voice. Page | 6 5. Conclusion We have clearly understood the necessity of the five different types of social institution in a society. The essay had also covered the common traits present in the institutions. Also learnt the importance of degradation ceremony while resocialization and how it’s required to kill the former sense of an individual. However I personally believe three out of five of the total institutions are not preferable places to be at. The fact that many are not offered opportunities to work at their own free will deprives them from others and makes them feel less worthy of themselves. They are taught to obey their superiors, out of fear. In most of the occasions they are treated as numbers than a human being. Therefore allowing an individual to loose his or her sense of identity. Goffman’s discussion encouraged me to look at total institution characteristics, such as resocialization, through a positive and negative lens, depending on the situation and context. Page | 7 6. Reference list Davies, C. (1989). Goffmans concept of the total institution: Criticism and revisions. Human Studies, 12, 77-95. El-Mafaalani, A. (2009). Do underachievers need sociology. Journal of social science education, 8(4), 35-42. Garfinkel, H. (n. d. ). Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies. (2011). American Journal of Sociology, 6(5), 420-424. GORDON MARSHALL. degradation ceremony. A Dictionary of Sociology. 1998. Encyclopedia. com. 16 Apr. 2013 . Handler, R. (2012). Whats up,doctor goffman? tell us where the action is!. Journal of the royal Anthropological Institute, 18, 179-190. Henslin, J. (2011). Essentials of sociology a down-to-earth approach. (9TH ed. , pp. 16-18). Boston,America: PEARSON.

Mujadid Alif Th free essay sample

The great reformers Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. During this period the Muslims in India had become so deficient in the knowledge of true Islam that they had more belief in Karamat or miracles of the saints than Islamic teachings. The Ulema and theologians of the time had ceased to refer to the Quran and Hadith in their commentaries, and considered jurisprudence the only religious knowledge. Akbar, the Mughal king had started a series of experiments with Islam, propagating his own religion Din-i-Ilahi, an amalgamation of Hindu and Muslim beliefs. In these circumstances, Sheikh Ahmad set upon himself the task of purifying the Muslim society. We will write a custom essay sample on Mujadid Alif Th or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was highly critical of the philosophy of Wahdat-ul Wujud, against which he gave his philosophy of Wahdat-ush-Shuhud. He entered into correspondence with Muslim scholars and clerics and laid stress on following the true contours of Islam. To him, mysticism without Shariah was misleading. He stressed the importance of Namaz and fasting. Through preaching, discussions and his maktubat addressed to important nobles and leaders of religious thought, he spread his message amongst the elite in particular. As he and his followers also worked in the imperial camp and army, he was soon noticed by Jehangir. Jehangir, unlike his father, was a more orthodox Muslim. He was imprisoned at Gwalior Fort for two years until the Emperor realized his mistake. Jehangir then not only released Sheikh Ahmad, but also recalled him to Agra. Sheikh Ahmads greatest contribution was undoubtedly the task of countering unorthodox Sufism and mystic beliefs. He wrote many books, including his famous works, Isbat-ul-Nabat and Risal-i-Nabuwat. His greatest work on Islamic philosophy was the Tauheed-i-Shuhudi. Sheikh Ahmad continued preaching Islam till the end of his days. He urged people to adhere to the accepted and clearly laid down path of Islam. He passed away in 1624. * Education Sheikh Ahmad’s father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. He visited Delhi in 1599 and went to see Khwaja Baqi Billah, who asked him to spend a few days in his hospice. Within two days Ahmad requested the khwaja to take him into discipleship. After having initiated Shaikh Ahmad into various stages of spiritual development under the Naqshbandi order, the khwaja wrote: Shaikh Ahmad is †¦ rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I associated with him for a few days, and noticed truly marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a light which will illuminate the world. * Social condition of India In the beginning of the reform movement Muslim society ridden with un-Islamic practices and trends. Under the hindu ,a firm and widespread bleif in karamat had developed in the societywith greatly misguided the innocent people. In sufiism many means of developing magical and supernatural power, alien to Islam , had been developed . the mystics and Sufis of those openly denied the authenticity of sharia by declaring by declaring sharia as superficial and external. They even proudly manifested their indifference towards the sunnah or examples of Holly Profit (Peace Be these trends the Religious spirit excessively diminished and gave rise to the juristic view of Islam. During the Days Akbar ruled the sub-continental whose anti Islamic outlook had aggravated the social environes. Akbar had no learnings towards Islmic principles and tents. He promoted Hinduism by marrying aHindu ladies and by allowing free access to the rajputs and Hindus in his court. He also appointed Hindu Rajpots on heigher civil and military position s. The introduction of Din-i-llahi by Akbar was a grave attempt to distort pertaining to the religious matters which were to be considered as authentic and final. The ipact of Din-i-llahi greatly affected the muslim bleifs and trends. It split the muslim society into several factions and promoted heretic attitudes and practicies. Cancellation the system of Prayers Akbar cancelled to offer prayer five times in a day and started the worshiping of the Sun. The mosques and tombs were made the rest houses of Hindus. But some Mosques were made stables of the horses. Instead saying prayer in Mosques, they were indecent and obscenity deeds were done. * Disgrace the Month of Ramzan Akbar banned to observe fast. He called it the month of hunger and thi rst. He ordered his courtiers to eat and drink or at least to keep betel-leaf in their mouths before him. The observer of fast was insulted in the bazars. Publically, the persons who ate or drank were encouraged. * Ban on Pilgrimage. Jahangir stated that Akbar banned hajj. Mulla Abdullah sultan Puri Makhdoom Al Malik did not only give the judicial degree to eliminate it on the account of miseries and hardships of roads during Hajj period but also declared it a sin. He also introduced other deformities. There was complete ban on slaughter of cow. Pigs and dogs were declared holy and they were to be considered to worship. The king visited them daily. To drink alcohol was made lawful. Bathing after sexual intercourse was banned. Gambling and usury were made lawful. Prostitute’s houses were built to encourage prostitution and they got regular patronage of government. Marriages with close relatives such as uncle’s daughter’s etc. were declared unlawful. This indicates that is clear deviation from the basic Islamic principles. They also tried to abolish Islamic values. These conditions were not bearable for a true believer of Islam * Services Of Mujaddid * Purifying un-Islamic Tendencies Mujaddid under took the Job of Purifying the muslim society of un-islamic tendencies by sending a no of his deciples in all directions to preach the true-Islam. He asked them to emphesise on Ittibat-i-Sunnah and the commandent on the sharia in their sermons and preachings. He urged muslims to live their life according to the principles of Islam. He stressed on muslims to revert to the purer Islam by gining up heretical customs and practices . According to Simon Digby, modern hagiographical literature emphasizes Sirhindis reiterated profession of strict Islamic orthodoxy, his exaltation of the sharia and exhortations towards its observance. † I the time of Jhangir Mujaddid was successful to a greater extent to exitract a solemn undertaking from the muslims that they would not obey any orders repugnant to Islam. * Mujaddids Letters Mujaddid adopted an effectivemethod of pursuation by writting letter to the leading nobles of the royal court. Most famous of his work are 536 letters, collectively entitled Collected Letters or Maktubat, to the Mughal rulers and other contemporaries. It consists of three volumes. A number of the books written by Ahmad Sirhindi were reprinted in Karachi. Of those books, Ithbat-un-nubuwwa was reproduced by offset process in Istanbul in 1974. The marginal notes on the book, which is in Arabic, provide a biography of Ahmad Sirhindi. This Holly Book Translate Bangle language by Hazrat Shah Mohammad Muti Ahamed Aftabi Dinajpuri(R. ). The Language of k\letters were which would move mountains ,to leading nobelsof the state, bemoaning the sad state in which Islam had fallen in India * Imprison of Mujaddidalif sani. Mujaddid also dealt with matters other then Religious rivials in his letters . This policy drew him into lot of difficulties . And he was alerted many time. In Gawalyar when he refused to prostrate by saying that he will not perform the sajdda before a human being . He declred that the sajda was only due to Almighty God. SO Jhangir imprisoned him in fort of gawalyar. * Two Nation theory Mujaddid was a stunch advocate of the separateness of muslims and desired to maintain the distinct image of musslim Nationalism. He laid great emphasis on the separate identity of the Muslims and adopted a very sterm attitude against the Hindus . Sheikh Ahmad Firmly bleived in Two nation theory . He was in favour of maintainig the differences between Hindus and Muslims. HE wanted Jizya to be re-imposed on Hindus and demanded the destruction of Hindu temples. * Wahdat-ul-Wajud Sirhindi strongly opposed the mystical doctrine known as wahdat-ul-wajud or tawhid-i-wajudi, a concept which emphasizes that in reality all things exist within God. Nonetheless, he did not hold a particularly unfavorable view of the sufi mystic and theoretician Muhyi-l-Din ibn Arabi, who is often presented as the originator and most complete propounder of this philosophy. In refuting the monistic position of wahdat-ul-wajud, he instead advanced the notion of wahdat-ash-shuhud (oneness of appearance). According to this doctrine, the experience of unity between God and creation is purely subjective and occurs only in the mind of the Sufi who has reached the state of fana fi Allah (to forget about everything except Almighty Allahu taala). * Influence in india Mujaddid Alf Sani changed the history with his unique strength, faithful courage and stability. Islam got new life in subcontinent on the account of his great efforts. This thing is clear as the Sun that only Ahmed Sirhindi’s (R.